By Reverend Don Boucher
| Commentary John verses 1-14 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
John 1
John 1:1-2 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. 2He was with God in the beginning.
This passage communicates so much of what is central to the Christian faith, the deity
of Jesus the Messiah, the trinity, and the eternal nature of the relationship between the
Father and the Son. John writes in a style and uses terms that help us understand that
God is reaching out to all men. The "Word” Logos had philosophical connotations
for both the Jew and the Gentile world of his time. This Gospel we preach is to the
Jew first but to the Gentile as well. David Guzik commentator on the blue letter
commentaries explains it well. He writes the following,
The Jewish Rabbis often referred to God, especially in His more personal
aspects, in terms of His Word. They spoke of God Himself as the “Word of
God”
The Greek philosophers saw the Logos as the power which puts sense into
the world, making the world orderly instead of chaotic, they saw the logos as
the “Ultimate Reason” that controlled all things.
John is lead by the Spirit of God to mirror in his opening verses the language the
Lord gave Mosses. It is language that is inclusive of all men. Genesis is not the
account of the Jew but of the Human race. The parallels are obvious; Genesis 1:
1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,
John 1 in the beginning was the Word. John is writing his Gospel as an
older man, maybe in his 90’s, His Gospel is written between 85 and 90 AD. The
question of what do we do with the Gentiles, has been answered. Get them saved,
baptize them, fill them with the Holy Spirit, disciple them, raise up leaders among
them. This process was very successful due to the work of Paul the apostle and
many others.
The counter strategy the enemy used during this period of time to negate the
preaching of the resurrection and the miracle working power that followed it was to
spiritualize it. In other words the devil raised up a spirit of anti-christ that denied that
Jesus was literally raised from the dead. John writes in literal terms because he has
the view of the eyewitnesses. His other writings testify to John’s passion about his
personal eyewitness account.
1 John: 1That which was from the beginning, the eternal messiah
which we have heard, with literal ears which we have seen with our
eyes, not spiritual one which we have looked at and our hands have
touched touch is the most reliable of all the senses—Issac’s greatest test of Jacob
was to touch him. You may stubble in the dark but if you can feel a wall you have
security. The elder John wants this literal resurrection of the eternal Jesus magnified.
this we proclaim concerning the Word of life. 2The life appeared;
we have seen it and testify to it, and we proclaim to you the eternal
life, which was with the Father and has appeared to us. John the
beloved elder again speaks about the eternal nature of Christ and his fellowship with
the Father.
3 We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you
also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the
Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ. 4We write this to make our
joy complete. The devil, through the instrument of the Gnostic's, began to make
this Gospel less glorious than it actually is. The Gnostic's were a group that taught
that the flesh is evil. Therefore the resurrection can’t be good because it is the
glorification of flesh. But God never said flesh was evil. He wanted flesh and blood
to be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth, and the Word (logos) became flesh,
that is Jesus. Men are always trying to minimize the work of the Lord. Jesus is God
come into the world in the flesh and he is the creator of all things.
John 1:3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing
was made that has been made.
The Emmanuel we worship at Christmas is the creator of the universe. It does not
get bigger than that. Matthew 1:23 Behold, a virgin shall be with child,
and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name
Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.
Other scriptures also speak about the eternal nature of Jesus and his coming into the
world.
Colossians 1:15-20 He is the image of the invisible God, the
firstborn over all creation. 16For by him all things were created:
things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether
thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created
by him and for him. 17He is before all things, and in him all things
hold together. 18And he is the head of the body, the church; he is
the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in
everything he might have the supremacy. 19For God was pleased to
have all his fullness dwell in him, 20and through him to reconcile
to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven,
by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross.
Hebrews 1:1-3In the past God spoke to our forefathers through the
prophets at many times and in various ways, 2but in these last days
he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all
things, and through whom he made the universe. 3The Son is the
radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being,
sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided
purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty
in heaven.
John 1:4 In him was life, and that life was the light of men. 5The
light shines in the darkness, but the darkness has not understood it.
Men have sought God from every tribe and tongue. They have never been many but
they have been throughout the world. Romans 1 and Psalm 19 speak about God in
creation; Romans 2 speaks about God in the conscience. The philosophers sought
God but maintained idolatry but Paul explained to them a more excellent way. He
did this by pointing to the death burial and resurrection of Jesus, another words to
glorified flesh and blood. Our hope is in the resurrection in it the last enemy to be
defeated will be death. Paul’s words to the Athena’s reflect every man’s hunger to
understand the meaning of life and death.
Acts 17:23For as I walked around and looked carefully at your
objects of worship, Idolatry I even found an altar with this
inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Men trying to understand God but
failing Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to
proclaim to you. 24"The God who made the world and everything
in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples
built by hands. Psalm 19 says there is no language in which it is not understood
25And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything,
because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything
else. 26From one man Adam he made every nation of men, that they
should inhabit the whole earth; and he God determined the times
set for them and the exact places where they should live. 27God did
this so that men would seek him and perhaps reach out for him
and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. 28'For in
him we live and move and have our being.' As some of your own
poets have said, 'We are his offspring. Paul makes it clear that God has
placed each individual in the time and place in which it would be optimum and easiest
for them to find him. God from the beginning has been seeking a divine partnership
between Himself and mankind. This is seen clearly in the lives of John the Baptist
and Jesus. Does God need men to prepare the way for Him? Of course not, but He
chooses to do so that men may relate to him and know him, though His ways are
higher than our ways and His creative powers beyond our comprehension.
John 1: 6-7 There came a man who was sent from God; his name
was John. 7He came as a witness to testify concerning that light, so
that through him all men might believe. Many preachers when preaching
from John jump from verse 5 to 14 because the context seems to lead us in that
direction. However the inspired Word of God brings John into the discourse at
exactly the place where God wants him introduced. John’s job was simple,
profound, and exceeding applicable to our lives as Christians. He pointed to the
light. That is our job, point to the light. The scripture says something very interesting
here. John’s work was to all men. Jesus said that he had not come except to the
house of Israel. John in this sense could be considered the founder of the church.
He was the first witness of the church. The bridge between the prophets of the old
testament spoken of in Hebrew 1 and the apostles in the new testament. Jesus says
he was more than a prophet, but that he that is least in the Kingdom of God was
greater than John. This topic will be addressed later in the commentaries.
John pointed Roman soldiers among others to the one in whom they should believe.
Acts 19 tells us the story of some of his disciples. They readily received the message
of Paul because they were believers of John’s message. In some ways you can think
of John’s work as an introduction to the great commission. When they believed they
were baptized in water and received the Holy Spirit, which had not yet come upon
them.
John 1: 8-9 He himself was not the light; he came only as a
witness to the light. 9The true light that gives light to every man
was coming into the world. We are in this exactly like John. We have no
light in ourselves. We are not pointing men to our talents, our churches, our music,
our ministry but to Jesus. The Lord is very clear that before we came to Christ we
were enemies, and without hope in this world. John says, there is a universal
application to this light, it is to everyman, but not everyman accepts it. That light
came into the world and is seen through creation.
Psalm 19:1-5 The heavens declare the glory of God;
the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
2 Day after day they pour forth speech;
night after night they display knowledge.
3 There is no speech or language
where their voice is not heard.
4 Their voice goes out into all the earth,
their words to the ends of the world.
In the heavens he has pitched a tent for the sun,
5 which is like a bridegroom coming forth from his pavilion,
like a champion rejoicing to run his course.
John 1:10 He was in the world, and though the world was made
through him, the world did not recognize him. The indication of the
scripture is not speaking about an inability to recognize him but an unwillingness to
recognize him. To get to the heart of sovereignty in the topic of salvation we most
come to the heart and the intent of the incarnation. 17For God did not send his
Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world
through him. God’s heart is to save men’s souls. Luke 19:10 For the Son of
Man came to seek and to save what was lost."
11 He came to that which was his own, but his own did not receive
him. Within its context the scripture is speaking about the people of Israel here,
buts its application is to anyone who rejects the messiah. There is an offer being
made by the creator of the universe to his own creation. It is the offer to enter into a
Love relationship with him. Many reject him. God knows that inherent in any offer is
the right of refusal but the Lord is seeking those that will worship him in spirit and
truth. Love is central to this and Love is volitional, it has to be given freely. If it is not
receive, it is not received.
This power of receiving is a saving issue, it is a miracle working issue, He could not
do many miracles in Nazareth, because he was not received there. Jesus told his
disciples to go from house to house, and shake the dust off your feet for those that
do not receive them. Paul said I go unto the Gentiles because his brethren the Jews
did not receive him.
He said in Roman 9:1-5 I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying,
my conscience confirms it in the Holy Spirit— 2I have great sorrow
and unceasing anguish in my heart. 3For I could wish that I
myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my
brothers, those of my own race, 4the people of Israel. Theirs is the
adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the
receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. 5Theirs
are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of
Christ, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen. Paul’s Gospel was
rejected by many; even as it is today, it will remain the same to the end. After the
Messiah has reigned on the Earth for 1000 years there will still be individuals and
nations and people groups that reject him.
John 1:12-13 Yet to all who received him, to those who believed in
his name, he gave the right to become children of God— 13
children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a
husband's will, but born of God
This began with the Jewish believers that the Lord had gathered to himself, those they
won as they evangelized and millions of believers since then of every people group on
the Earth. This is the born again experience, this is the adoption that comes from on
high, this is the security one experiences by becoming a child of God. We are born
of him.
Have we truly understood the privilege the Lord has granted us. He could have
simply gave us two tickets to paradise, he could have given us the privilege of serving
him as employees, as slaves even. To be a slave to a Righteous King is an honor, To
be the slave of your creator would be the natural consequence of being created, but
God made us family.
The etiquette demanded of the members of the family of God is that they are lead by
the Spirit and do not serve their own interest and are motivated by Love to honor
God. Romans 8:9-14 You, however, are controlled not by the sinful nature but by
the Spirit, if the Spirit of God lives in you. And if anyone does not have the Spirit of
Christ, he does not belong to Christ. 10But if Christ is in you, your body is dead
because of sin, yet your spirit is alive because of righteousness. 11And if the Spirit of
him who raised Jesus from the dead is living in you, he who raised Christ from the
dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit, who lives in you.
Now the Lord knows that the keeping of this demand is impossible for men to relate
to. How does a man become a child of God?
Psalm 8:4-6 what is man that you are mindful of him,
the son of man that you care for him?
5 You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings
and crowned him with glory and honor.
6 You made him ruler over the works of your hands;
you put everything under his feet:
John 1:14 The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among
us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only, who came from the
Father, full of grace and truth. He became a man himself. We have seen his Glory,
Jesus walked among us showing us the character of God. If you have seen me you
have seen the Father he said. Everything that God is; God is Love, Jesus is,
Philippians 2:6:11 Who, being in very nature God,
did not consider equality with God something to be grasped,
7but made himself nothing,
taking the very nature of a servant,
being made in human likeness.
8And being found in appearance as a man,
he humbled himself
and became obedient to death—
even death on a cross!
Philippians 2:9 Therefore God exalted him to the highest place
and gave him the name that is above every name,
10that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow,
in heaven and on earth and under the earth,
11and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord,
to the glory of God the Father
John 1:1-2 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. 2He was with God in the beginning.
This passage communicates so much of what is central to the Christian faith, the deity
of Jesus the Messiah, the trinity, and the eternal nature of the relationship between the
Father and the Son. John writes in a style and uses terms that help us understand that
God is reaching out to all men. The "Word” Logos had philosophical connotations
for both the Jew and the Gentile world of his time. This Gospel we preach is to the
Jew first but to the Gentile as well. David Guzik commentator on the blue letter
commentaries explains it well. He writes the following,
The Jewish Rabbis often referred to God, especially in His more personal
aspects, in terms of His Word. They spoke of God Himself as the “Word of
God”
The Greek philosophers saw the Logos as the power which puts sense into
the world, making the world orderly instead of chaotic, they saw the logos as
the “Ultimate Reason” that controlled all things.
John is lead by the Spirit of God to mirror in his opening verses the language the
Lord gave Mosses. It is language that is inclusive of all men. Genesis is not the
account of the Jew but of the Human race. The parallels are obvious; Genesis 1:
1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,
John 1 in the beginning was the Word. John is writing his Gospel as an
older man, maybe in his 90’s, His Gospel is written between 85 and 90 AD. The
question of what do we do with the Gentiles, has been answered. Get them saved,
baptize them, fill them with the Holy Spirit, disciple them, raise up leaders among
them. This process was very successful due to the work of Paul the apostle and
many others.
The counter strategy the enemy used during this period of time to negate the
preaching of the resurrection and the miracle working power that followed it was to
spiritualize it. In other words the devil raised up a spirit of anti-christ that denied that
Jesus was literally raised from the dead. John writes in literal terms because he has
the view of the eyewitnesses. His other writings testify to John’s passion about his
personal eyewitness account.
1 John: 1That which was from the beginning, the eternal messiah
which we have heard, with literal ears which we have seen with our
eyes, not spiritual one which we have looked at and our hands have
touched touch is the most reliable of all the senses—Issac’s greatest test of Jacob
was to touch him. You may stubble in the dark but if you can feel a wall you have
security. The elder John wants this literal resurrection of the eternal Jesus magnified.
this we proclaim concerning the Word of life. 2The life appeared;
we have seen it and testify to it, and we proclaim to you the eternal
life, which was with the Father and has appeared to us. John the
beloved elder again speaks about the eternal nature of Christ and his fellowship with
the Father.
3 We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you
also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the
Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ. 4We write this to make our
joy complete. The devil, through the instrument of the Gnostic's, began to make
this Gospel less glorious than it actually is. The Gnostic's were a group that taught
that the flesh is evil. Therefore the resurrection can’t be good because it is the
glorification of flesh. But God never said flesh was evil. He wanted flesh and blood
to be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth, and the Word (logos) became flesh,
that is Jesus. Men are always trying to minimize the work of the Lord. Jesus is God
come into the world in the flesh and he is the creator of all things.
John 1:3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing
was made that has been made.
The Emmanuel we worship at Christmas is the creator of the universe. It does not
get bigger than that. Matthew 1:23 Behold, a virgin shall be with child,
and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name
Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.
Other scriptures also speak about the eternal nature of Jesus and his coming into the
world.
Colossians 1:15-20 He is the image of the invisible God, the
firstborn over all creation. 16For by him all things were created:
things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether
thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created
by him and for him. 17He is before all things, and in him all things
hold together. 18And he is the head of the body, the church; he is
the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in
everything he might have the supremacy. 19For God was pleased to
have all his fullness dwell in him, 20and through him to reconcile
to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven,
by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross.
Hebrews 1:1-3In the past God spoke to our forefathers through the
prophets at many times and in various ways, 2but in these last days
he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all
things, and through whom he made the universe. 3The Son is the
radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being,
sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided
purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty
in heaven.
John 1:4 In him was life, and that life was the light of men. 5The
light shines in the darkness, but the darkness has not understood it.
Men have sought God from every tribe and tongue. They have never been many but
they have been throughout the world. Romans 1 and Psalm 19 speak about God in
creation; Romans 2 speaks about God in the conscience. The philosophers sought
God but maintained idolatry but Paul explained to them a more excellent way. He
did this by pointing to the death burial and resurrection of Jesus, another words to
glorified flesh and blood. Our hope is in the resurrection in it the last enemy to be
defeated will be death. Paul’s words to the Athena’s reflect every man’s hunger to
understand the meaning of life and death.
Acts 17:23For as I walked around and looked carefully at your
objects of worship, Idolatry I even found an altar with this
inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Men trying to understand God but
failing Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to
proclaim to you. 24"The God who made the world and everything
in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples
built by hands. Psalm 19 says there is no language in which it is not understood
25And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything,
because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything
else. 26From one man Adam he made every nation of men, that they
should inhabit the whole earth; and he God determined the times
set for them and the exact places where they should live. 27God did
this so that men would seek him and perhaps reach out for him
and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. 28'For in
him we live and move and have our being.' As some of your own
poets have said, 'We are his offspring. Paul makes it clear that God has
placed each individual in the time and place in which it would be optimum and easiest
for them to find him. God from the beginning has been seeking a divine partnership
between Himself and mankind. This is seen clearly in the lives of John the Baptist
and Jesus. Does God need men to prepare the way for Him? Of course not, but He
chooses to do so that men may relate to him and know him, though His ways are
higher than our ways and His creative powers beyond our comprehension.
John 1: 6-7 There came a man who was sent from God; his name
was John. 7He came as a witness to testify concerning that light, so
that through him all men might believe. Many preachers when preaching
from John jump from verse 5 to 14 because the context seems to lead us in that
direction. However the inspired Word of God brings John into the discourse at
exactly the place where God wants him introduced. John’s job was simple,
profound, and exceeding applicable to our lives as Christians. He pointed to the
light. That is our job, point to the light. The scripture says something very interesting
here. John’s work was to all men. Jesus said that he had not come except to the
house of Israel. John in this sense could be considered the founder of the church.
He was the first witness of the church. The bridge between the prophets of the old
testament spoken of in Hebrew 1 and the apostles in the new testament. Jesus says
he was more than a prophet, but that he that is least in the Kingdom of God was
greater than John. This topic will be addressed later in the commentaries.
John pointed Roman soldiers among others to the one in whom they should believe.
Acts 19 tells us the story of some of his disciples. They readily received the message
of Paul because they were believers of John’s message. In some ways you can think
of John’s work as an introduction to the great commission. When they believed they
were baptized in water and received the Holy Spirit, which had not yet come upon
them.
John 1: 8-9 He himself was not the light; he came only as a
witness to the light. 9The true light that gives light to every man
was coming into the world. We are in this exactly like John. We have no
light in ourselves. We are not pointing men to our talents, our churches, our music,
our ministry but to Jesus. The Lord is very clear that before we came to Christ we
were enemies, and without hope in this world. John says, there is a universal
application to this light, it is to everyman, but not everyman accepts it. That light
came into the world and is seen through creation.
Psalm 19:1-5 The heavens declare the glory of God;
the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
2 Day after day they pour forth speech;
night after night they display knowledge.
3 There is no speech or language
where their voice is not heard.
4 Their voice goes out into all the earth,
their words to the ends of the world.
In the heavens he has pitched a tent for the sun,
5 which is like a bridegroom coming forth from his pavilion,
like a champion rejoicing to run his course.
John 1:10 He was in the world, and though the world was made
through him, the world did not recognize him. The indication of the
scripture is not speaking about an inability to recognize him but an unwillingness to
recognize him. To get to the heart of sovereignty in the topic of salvation we most
come to the heart and the intent of the incarnation. 17For God did not send his
Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world
through him. God’s heart is to save men’s souls. Luke 19:10 For the Son of
Man came to seek and to save what was lost."
11 He came to that which was his own, but his own did not receive
him. Within its context the scripture is speaking about the people of Israel here,
buts its application is to anyone who rejects the messiah. There is an offer being
made by the creator of the universe to his own creation. It is the offer to enter into a
Love relationship with him. Many reject him. God knows that inherent in any offer is
the right of refusal but the Lord is seeking those that will worship him in spirit and
truth. Love is central to this and Love is volitional, it has to be given freely. If it is not
receive, it is not received.
This power of receiving is a saving issue, it is a miracle working issue, He could not
do many miracles in Nazareth, because he was not received there. Jesus told his
disciples to go from house to house, and shake the dust off your feet for those that
do not receive them. Paul said I go unto the Gentiles because his brethren the Jews
did not receive him.
He said in Roman 9:1-5 I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying,
my conscience confirms it in the Holy Spirit— 2I have great sorrow
and unceasing anguish in my heart. 3For I could wish that I
myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my
brothers, those of my own race, 4the people of Israel. Theirs is the
adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the
receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. 5Theirs
are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of
Christ, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen. Paul’s Gospel was
rejected by many; even as it is today, it will remain the same to the end. After the
Messiah has reigned on the Earth for 1000 years there will still be individuals and
nations and people groups that reject him.
John 1:12-13 Yet to all who received him, to those who believed in
his name, he gave the right to become children of God— 13
children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a
husband's will, but born of God
This began with the Jewish believers that the Lord had gathered to himself, those they
won as they evangelized and millions of believers since then of every people group on
the Earth. This is the born again experience, this is the adoption that comes from on
high, this is the security one experiences by becoming a child of God. We are born
of him.
Have we truly understood the privilege the Lord has granted us. He could have
simply gave us two tickets to paradise, he could have given us the privilege of serving
him as employees, as slaves even. To be a slave to a Righteous King is an honor, To
be the slave of your creator would be the natural consequence of being created, but
God made us family.
The etiquette demanded of the members of the family of God is that they are lead by
the Spirit and do not serve their own interest and are motivated by Love to honor
God. Romans 8:9-14 You, however, are controlled not by the sinful nature but by
the Spirit, if the Spirit of God lives in you. And if anyone does not have the Spirit of
Christ, he does not belong to Christ. 10But if Christ is in you, your body is dead
because of sin, yet your spirit is alive because of righteousness. 11And if the Spirit of
him who raised Jesus from the dead is living in you, he who raised Christ from the
dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit, who lives in you.
Now the Lord knows that the keeping of this demand is impossible for men to relate
to. How does a man become a child of God?
Psalm 8:4-6 what is man that you are mindful of him,
the son of man that you care for him?
5 You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings
and crowned him with glory and honor.
6 You made him ruler over the works of your hands;
you put everything under his feet:
John 1:14 The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among
us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only, who came from the
Father, full of grace and truth. He became a man himself. We have seen his Glory,
Jesus walked among us showing us the character of God. If you have seen me you
have seen the Father he said. Everything that God is; God is Love, Jesus is,
Philippians 2:6:11 Who, being in very nature God,
did not consider equality with God something to be grasped,
7but made himself nothing,
taking the very nature of a servant,
being made in human likeness.
8And being found in appearance as a man,
he humbled himself
and became obedient to death—
even death on a cross!
Philippians 2:9 Therefore God exalted him to the highest place
and gave him the name that is above every name,
10that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow,
in heaven and on earth and under the earth,
11and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord,
to the glory of God the Father
© Copyright Gates of Praise Ministries 2006